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The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, and the establishment of new nation-states around the world. Enlightenment (UNIT 5.1) thought and the resistance of colonized peoples to imperial centers shaped this revolutionary activity. These rebellions sometimes resulted in the formation of new states and stimulated the development of new ideologies. These new ideas in turn further stimulated the revolutionary and anti-imperial tendencies of this period.

The beginning in the eighteenth century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs and territory. These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations.

Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements. Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments started by the American colonial rebellion.

Anti – colonial movements challenged political authority.  Slave resistance also challenged existing authorities in the Americas.

QUOTES:
– The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure.
Thomas Jefferson 1787

– The fundamental source of all sovereignty lies in the nation…The law is the general expression of the general will.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 1789

– I was born a slave, but nature gave me the soul of a free man.
Toussaint L’Overture 1800

– My Children, a new dispensation comes to us today…Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once.”
Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1810

–  If my death contributes to the end of political parties and to the consolidation of the Union, then I shall calmly go to my grave.
Simon Bolivar 1825